IMPACT OF MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND JUMPING ABILITY ON BLOCK JUMP HEIGHT
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Mar 17, 2025
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Katarina Nejić
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4191-7061
Igor Ilić
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0076-2331
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4191-7061
Igor Ilić
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0076-2331
Abstract
This study investigated the combined impact of morphological characteristics and jumping ability on block jump height in volleyball. A sample of 28 elite male volleyball players, age 16.43 ± 2.47 years, was assessed using a battery of tests that measured nine variables, three of each category: anthropometry was evaluated via body height (BH), body mass (BM), and standing reach (REACH); jumping ability was evaluated via countermovement jump (CMJ), countermovement jump with arm swing (CMJA), and squat jump (SJ); block jump height was evaluated via two-foot jump block (BJTF), slide step jump block (BJSS), and crossover step jump block (BJCS). Descriptive statistics confirmed that the players’ values aligned with normative data for their age group, and the assumption of normality of distribution was supported. Factor analysis revealed unidimensional constructs for anthropometry (explaining 74.46% of variance), jumping performance (95.69%), and block jump height (97.62%). A backward regression analysis demonstrated that both the anthropometry and jumping performance factors were significant predictors of block jump height (R² = 0.855, p < .01), with jumping performance exhibiting a slightly greater influence. These findings suggest that while both morphological characteristics and jumping ability are important, the capacity for explosive movement may be more critical for successful blocking in volleyball. Future research should consider larger and more diverse samples to further validate these results and refine training strategies aimed at enhancing block performance.
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Keywords
anthropometry, explosive strength, vertical performance, blocking, effect
References
1. Albaladejo-Saura, M., Vaquero-Cristóbal, R., García-Roca, J. A., & Esparza-Ros, F. (2023). What Variables Allow the Differentiation between More and Less Successful Adolescent Volleyball Players?. Journal of human kinetics, 87, 229-242. https://doi.org/10.5114/jhk/166107
2. Albaladejo-Saura, M., González-Gálvez, N., Vaquero-Cristóbal, R., García-Roca, J.A., & Esparza-Ros, F. (2024). Influence of anthropometric and fitness variables on the probability of being selected for competing in the national championship in adolescent volleyball players. Acta Gymnica, 54, e2024.003. https://doi.org/10.5507/ag.2024.003
3. Araújo, R., Castro, J., Marcelino, R. & Mesquita, I. (2010). Relationship between the Opponent Block and the Hitter in Elite Male Volleyball. Journal of Quantitative Analysis in Sports, 6(4), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.2202/1559-0410.1216
4. Berriel, G. P., Schons, P., Costa, R. R., Oses, V. H. S., Fischer, G., Pantoja, P. D., Kruel, L. F. M. & Peyré-Tartaruga, L. A. (2021). Correlations between jump performance in block and attack and the performance in official games, squat jumps, and countermovement jumps of professional volleyball players. The journal of strength & conditioning research, 35, 64-69. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003858
5. Carvalho, A., Roriz, P., & Duarte, D. (2020). Comparison of Morphological Profiles and Performance Variables between Female Volleyball Players of the First and Second Division in Portugal. Journal of human kinetics, 71, 109–117. https://doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2019-0076
6. D'Isanto, T., Di Tore, P. A., & Altavilla, G. (2018). Correlation of the anthropometric characteristics and the ability to jump in volleyball. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, 13(Proc 2), 393-400. https://doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2018.13.Proc2.23
7. Duncan, M. J., Woodfield, L., & Al-Nakeeb, Y. (2006). Anthropometric and physiological characteristics of junior elite volleyball players. British journal of sports medicine, 40(7), 649-651. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2005.021998
8. Giannopoulos, N., Vagenas, G., Noutsos, K., Barzouka, K., & Bergeles, N. (2017). Somatotype, Level of Competition, and Performance in Attack in Elite Male Volleyball. Journal of human kinetics, 58, 131-140. https://doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2017-0082
9. Glatthorn, J. F., Gouge, S., Nussbaumer, S., Stauffacher, S., Impellizzeri, F. M., & Maffiuletti, N. A. (2011). Validity and reliability of optojump photoelectric cells for estimating vertical jump height. Journal of strength and conditioning research, 25(2), 556-560. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181ccb18d
10. Horička, P., Šimonek, J., Czakova, N., & Poláčková, L. (2023). Examining the interplay between reactive and planned agility with motor and anthropometric parameters in female volleyball players. Journal of physical education and sport, 23(10), 2737-2743. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2023.10313
11. Ilić, I. (2015). Structures and differences of the cognitive abilities of top handball, volleyball, basketball and soccer players. Facta Universitatis, series: Physical education and sport, 13(3), 403-410. https://casopisi.junis.ni.ac.rs/index.php/FUPhysEdSport/article/view/1152/1000
12. İşgüzar, M. G., Keskin, K., Tokat, F., & Uslu, S. (2023). Exploring the relationship between total vertical jump load and block performance in elite volleyball players: Position-specific analysis. Journal of human sciences, 20(3), 439-445. https://doi.org/10.14687/jhs.v20i3.6401
13. Konstantinos, N. S., Panagiotis, M. G., & Ioannis, B. A. (2019). Morphological characteristics of adolescent elite female handball and volleyball players. Journal of physical education and sport, 19(Suppl. 4), 1502-1507. https://doi.org/ 0.7752/jpes.2019.s4217
14. Legg, L., Rush, M., Rush, J., McCoy, S., Garner, J. C., & Donahue, P. T. (2021). Association between body composition and vertical jump performance in female collegiate volleyball athletes. International journal of kinesiology and sports science, 9(4), 43-48. https://doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijkss.v.9n.4p.43
15. Milić, M., Grgantov, Z., Chamari, K., Ardigo, L. P., Bianco, A., & Padulo, J. (2017). Anthropometric and physical characteristics allow differentiation of young female volleyball players according to playing position and level of expertise. Biology of sport, 34(1), 19-26. https://doi.org/10.5114/biolsport.2017.63382
16. Milić, M., Vukadinović, N., Grgantov, Z., Nikolić, K., Savić, Z., Majstorović, N., & Nešić, G. (2024). Basic Anthropological Characteristics of Elite U17 Youth Serbian Female Volleyball Players According to Playing Position. Applied sciences, 14(23), 11197. https://doi.org/10.3390/app142311197
17. Nasuka, N., & Pradana, A. W. (2019). Squat Jump Exercise Increased Spike Jump and Block Jump Reach of Junior Volleyball Athletes. Kne social sciences, 3(18), 422-426. https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v3i18.4733
18. Nejić, D., Stanković, D., Nejić, K., & Stojadinović, Ž. (2016). Standardization of measuring tests for the jumping ability in volleyball. Facta Universitatis, series: Physical education and sport, 14(2), 193-200. https://casopisi.junis.ni.ac.rs/index.php/FUPhysEdSport/article/view/1755
19. Nikolaidis, P. T., Afonso, J., & Busko, K. (2015). Differences in anthropometry, somatotype, body composition and physiological characteristics of female volleyball players by competition level. Sport sciences for health, 11, 29-35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11332-014-0196-7
20. Palao, J. M., Manzanares, P., & Valadés, D. (2014). Anthropometric, physical, and age differences by the player position and the performance level in volleyball. Journal of human kinetics, 44, 223-236. https://doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2014-0128
21. Pawlik, D., & Mroczek, D. (2023). Influence of jump height on the game efficiency in elite volleyball players. Scientific reports, 13(1), 8931. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-35729-w
22. Palani, B., Raj, Y. C. L., & Sanjaykumar, S. (2024). Correlating anthropometric parameters with lower limb muscle strength: on the example of female volleyball players. Physical rehabilitation and recreational health technologies, 9(3), 113-122. https://doi.org/10.15391/prrht.2024-9(3).02
23. Popović-Ilić, T., Vitošević, B., & Ilić, I. (2011). The differences in BMI values between top football and volleyball players. Sport Mont, 9(31-33), 416-420. https://doaj.org/article/a498738a867a450b93c44f4227423c70
24. Ramirez-Campillo, R., Andrade, D. C., Nikolaidis, P. T., Moran, J., Clemente, F. M., Chaabene, H., & Comfort, P. (2020). Effects of Plyometric Jump Training on Vertical Jump Height of Volleyball Players: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis of Randomized-Controlled Trial. Journal of sports science & medicine, 19(3), 489-499. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32874101/
25. Rush, M. E., Littlefield, T., McInnis, A. K., & Donahue, P. T. (2022). Positional comparison of jump performance in NCAA division I female volleyball athletes. International Journal of Kinesiology and Sports Science, 10(4), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijkss.v.10n.4p.1
26. Sattler, T., Sekulic, D., Hadzic, V., Uljevic, O., & Dervisevic, E. (2012). Vertical jumping tests in volleyball: reliability, validity, and playing-position specifics. The journal of strength & conditioning research, 26(6), 1532-1538. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e318234e838
27. Sattler, T., Hadžic, V., Derviševic, E., & Markovic, G. (2015). Vertical jump performance of professional male and female volleyball players: Effects of playing position and competition level. The journal of strength & conditioning research, 29(6), 1486-1493. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000000781
28. Silva, M., Lacerda, D., & João, P. V. (2014). Game-related volleyball skills that influence victory. Journal of human kinetics, 41, 173–179. https://doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2014-0045
29. Skazalski, C., Whiteley, R., Hansen, C., & Bahr, R. (2018). A valid and reliable method to measure jump‐specific training and competition load in elite volleyball players. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports, 28(5), 1578-1585. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.13052
30. Skazalski, C., Whiteley, R., & Bahr, R. (2018). High jump demands in professional volleyball—large variability exists between players and player positions. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports, 28(11), 2293-2298. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.13255
31. Toselli, S., & Campa, F. (2018). Anthropometry and functional movement patterns in elite male volleyball players of different competitive levels. The journal of strength & conditioning research, 32(9), 2601-2611. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003858
32. Tsoukos, A., Drikos, S., Brown, L. E., Sotiropoulos, K., Veligekas, P., & Bogdanis, G. C. (2019). Anthropometric and Motor Performance Variables Are Decisive Factors for The Selection of Junior National Female Volleyball Players. Journal of human kinetics, 67, 163-173. https://doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2019-0012
33. Ziv, G., & Lidor, R. (2010). Vertical jump in female and male volleyball players: a review of observational and experimental studies. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports, 20(4), 556-567. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.01083.x
34. Zwierko, M., Jedziniak, W., Popowczak, M., & Rokita, A. (2023). Reactive Agility in Competitive Young Volleyball Players: A Gender Comparison of Perceptual-Cognitive and Motor Determinants. Journal of human kinetics, 85, 87-96. https://doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2022-0112
2. Albaladejo-Saura, M., González-Gálvez, N., Vaquero-Cristóbal, R., García-Roca, J.A., & Esparza-Ros, F. (2024). Influence of anthropometric and fitness variables on the probability of being selected for competing in the national championship in adolescent volleyball players. Acta Gymnica, 54, e2024.003. https://doi.org/10.5507/ag.2024.003
3. Araújo, R., Castro, J., Marcelino, R. & Mesquita, I. (2010). Relationship between the Opponent Block and the Hitter in Elite Male Volleyball. Journal of Quantitative Analysis in Sports, 6(4), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.2202/1559-0410.1216
4. Berriel, G. P., Schons, P., Costa, R. R., Oses, V. H. S., Fischer, G., Pantoja, P. D., Kruel, L. F. M. & Peyré-Tartaruga, L. A. (2021). Correlations between jump performance in block and attack and the performance in official games, squat jumps, and countermovement jumps of professional volleyball players. The journal of strength & conditioning research, 35, 64-69. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003858
5. Carvalho, A., Roriz, P., & Duarte, D. (2020). Comparison of Morphological Profiles and Performance Variables between Female Volleyball Players of the First and Second Division in Portugal. Journal of human kinetics, 71, 109–117. https://doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2019-0076
6. D'Isanto, T., Di Tore, P. A., & Altavilla, G. (2018). Correlation of the anthropometric characteristics and the ability to jump in volleyball. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, 13(Proc 2), 393-400. https://doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2018.13.Proc2.23
7. Duncan, M. J., Woodfield, L., & Al-Nakeeb, Y. (2006). Anthropometric and physiological characteristics of junior elite volleyball players. British journal of sports medicine, 40(7), 649-651. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2005.021998
8. Giannopoulos, N., Vagenas, G., Noutsos, K., Barzouka, K., & Bergeles, N. (2017). Somatotype, Level of Competition, and Performance in Attack in Elite Male Volleyball. Journal of human kinetics, 58, 131-140. https://doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2017-0082
9. Glatthorn, J. F., Gouge, S., Nussbaumer, S., Stauffacher, S., Impellizzeri, F. M., & Maffiuletti, N. A. (2011). Validity and reliability of optojump photoelectric cells for estimating vertical jump height. Journal of strength and conditioning research, 25(2), 556-560. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181ccb18d
10. Horička, P., Šimonek, J., Czakova, N., & Poláčková, L. (2023). Examining the interplay between reactive and planned agility with motor and anthropometric parameters in female volleyball players. Journal of physical education and sport, 23(10), 2737-2743. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2023.10313
11. Ilić, I. (2015). Structures and differences of the cognitive abilities of top handball, volleyball, basketball and soccer players. Facta Universitatis, series: Physical education and sport, 13(3), 403-410. https://casopisi.junis.ni.ac.rs/index.php/FUPhysEdSport/article/view/1152/1000
12. İşgüzar, M. G., Keskin, K., Tokat, F., & Uslu, S. (2023). Exploring the relationship between total vertical jump load and block performance in elite volleyball players: Position-specific analysis. Journal of human sciences, 20(3), 439-445. https://doi.org/10.14687/jhs.v20i3.6401
13. Konstantinos, N. S., Panagiotis, M. G., & Ioannis, B. A. (2019). Morphological characteristics of adolescent elite female handball and volleyball players. Journal of physical education and sport, 19(Suppl. 4), 1502-1507. https://doi.org/ 0.7752/jpes.2019.s4217
14. Legg, L., Rush, M., Rush, J., McCoy, S., Garner, J. C., & Donahue, P. T. (2021). Association between body composition and vertical jump performance in female collegiate volleyball athletes. International journal of kinesiology and sports science, 9(4), 43-48. https://doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijkss.v.9n.4p.43
15. Milić, M., Grgantov, Z., Chamari, K., Ardigo, L. P., Bianco, A., & Padulo, J. (2017). Anthropometric and physical characteristics allow differentiation of young female volleyball players according to playing position and level of expertise. Biology of sport, 34(1), 19-26. https://doi.org/10.5114/biolsport.2017.63382
16. Milić, M., Vukadinović, N., Grgantov, Z., Nikolić, K., Savić, Z., Majstorović, N., & Nešić, G. (2024). Basic Anthropological Characteristics of Elite U17 Youth Serbian Female Volleyball Players According to Playing Position. Applied sciences, 14(23), 11197. https://doi.org/10.3390/app142311197
17. Nasuka, N., & Pradana, A. W. (2019). Squat Jump Exercise Increased Spike Jump and Block Jump Reach of Junior Volleyball Athletes. Kne social sciences, 3(18), 422-426. https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v3i18.4733
18. Nejić, D., Stanković, D., Nejić, K., & Stojadinović, Ž. (2016). Standardization of measuring tests for the jumping ability in volleyball. Facta Universitatis, series: Physical education and sport, 14(2), 193-200. https://casopisi.junis.ni.ac.rs/index.php/FUPhysEdSport/article/view/1755
19. Nikolaidis, P. T., Afonso, J., & Busko, K. (2015). Differences in anthropometry, somatotype, body composition and physiological characteristics of female volleyball players by competition level. Sport sciences for health, 11, 29-35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11332-014-0196-7
20. Palao, J. M., Manzanares, P., & Valadés, D. (2014). Anthropometric, physical, and age differences by the player position and the performance level in volleyball. Journal of human kinetics, 44, 223-236. https://doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2014-0128
21. Pawlik, D., & Mroczek, D. (2023). Influence of jump height on the game efficiency in elite volleyball players. Scientific reports, 13(1), 8931. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-35729-w
22. Palani, B., Raj, Y. C. L., & Sanjaykumar, S. (2024). Correlating anthropometric parameters with lower limb muscle strength: on the example of female volleyball players. Physical rehabilitation and recreational health technologies, 9(3), 113-122. https://doi.org/10.15391/prrht.2024-9(3).02
23. Popović-Ilić, T., Vitošević, B., & Ilić, I. (2011). The differences in BMI values between top football and volleyball players. Sport Mont, 9(31-33), 416-420. https://doaj.org/article/a498738a867a450b93c44f4227423c70
24. Ramirez-Campillo, R., Andrade, D. C., Nikolaidis, P. T., Moran, J., Clemente, F. M., Chaabene, H., & Comfort, P. (2020). Effects of Plyometric Jump Training on Vertical Jump Height of Volleyball Players: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis of Randomized-Controlled Trial. Journal of sports science & medicine, 19(3), 489-499. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32874101/
25. Rush, M. E., Littlefield, T., McInnis, A. K., & Donahue, P. T. (2022). Positional comparison of jump performance in NCAA division I female volleyball athletes. International Journal of Kinesiology and Sports Science, 10(4), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijkss.v.10n.4p.1
26. Sattler, T., Sekulic, D., Hadzic, V., Uljevic, O., & Dervisevic, E. (2012). Vertical jumping tests in volleyball: reliability, validity, and playing-position specifics. The journal of strength & conditioning research, 26(6), 1532-1538. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e318234e838
27. Sattler, T., Hadžic, V., Derviševic, E., & Markovic, G. (2015). Vertical jump performance of professional male and female volleyball players: Effects of playing position and competition level. The journal of strength & conditioning research, 29(6), 1486-1493. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000000781
28. Silva, M., Lacerda, D., & João, P. V. (2014). Game-related volleyball skills that influence victory. Journal of human kinetics, 41, 173–179. https://doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2014-0045
29. Skazalski, C., Whiteley, R., Hansen, C., & Bahr, R. (2018). A valid and reliable method to measure jump‐specific training and competition load in elite volleyball players. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports, 28(5), 1578-1585. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.13052
30. Skazalski, C., Whiteley, R., & Bahr, R. (2018). High jump demands in professional volleyball—large variability exists between players and player positions. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports, 28(11), 2293-2298. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.13255
31. Toselli, S., & Campa, F. (2018). Anthropometry and functional movement patterns in elite male volleyball players of different competitive levels. The journal of strength & conditioning research, 32(9), 2601-2611. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003858
32. Tsoukos, A., Drikos, S., Brown, L. E., Sotiropoulos, K., Veligekas, P., & Bogdanis, G. C. (2019). Anthropometric and Motor Performance Variables Are Decisive Factors for The Selection of Junior National Female Volleyball Players. Journal of human kinetics, 67, 163-173. https://doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2019-0012
33. Ziv, G., & Lidor, R. (2010). Vertical jump in female and male volleyball players: a review of observational and experimental studies. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports, 20(4), 556-567. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.01083.x
34. Zwierko, M., Jedziniak, W., Popowczak, M., & Rokita, A. (2023). Reactive Agility in Competitive Young Volleyball Players: A Gender Comparison of Perceptual-Cognitive and Motor Determinants. Journal of human kinetics, 85, 87-96. https://doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2022-0112
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Nejić, K., & Ilić, I. (2025). IMPACT OF MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND JUMPING ABILITY ON BLOCK JUMP HEIGHT. Physical Education and Sport Through The Centuries, 12(1), 5–15. Retrieved from https://phedss.fsfv-pr.rs/index.php/phedss/article/view/25
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