EFFECTS OF RESISTANCE TRAINING ON MUSCLE STRENGTH IN OLDER ADULTS: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
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Dec 2, 2025
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Nenad Djokic
https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7709-8277
Miladin Okičić
https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3648-8226
https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7709-8277
Miladin Okičić
https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3648-8226
Abstract
To investigate the effect of resistance training on muscle strength in older adults. The systematic review aims to summarise and synthesise the evidence about the effect of resistance training program (using both machines, elastic band, free weights exercises) on muscle strength in older adults. Major electronic database were searched (Pubmed, Google Scholar, Web of science). Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and non-randomized interventional studies explored the effects of resistance training in older adults (i.e., 65 of age and older) on muscle strength were included in the review. 4622 studies were identified, and after duplicates were removed, 2219 studies remained. 2195 records were removed due to the abstract not meeting the inclusion criteria. 24 full-text articles were assessed further, and 17 of the articles were identified as meeting the criteria for inclusion. Seventeen studies remained and were included in this review. Resistance training in the elderly (>65 years) increases muscle strength by increasing muscle mass and by improving the recruitment of motor units, and increasing their firing rate. Muscle mass can be increased through training at an intensity corresponding to 60% to 85% of the individual maximum voluntary strength. The present review showed an effect of resistance training on muscle strength. We found that older adults can increase muscle strength by participating in resistance training program. Review suggests that RT has a positive effect on muscle strength in older adults.
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Keywords
resistance training, strength training, aging, muscle strength, older adults
References
1. Adams, K. J., Swank, A. M., Berning, J. M., Sevene-Adams, P. G., Barnard, K. L., & Shimp-Bowerman, J. (2001). Progressive strength
training in sedentary, older African American women. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 33, 1567– 1576.
2. American College of Sports Medicine. (1998). Exercise and physical activity for older adults. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 30, 992–1008.
3. American College of Sports Medicine. (2002). Progression models in resistance training for healthy adults. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 34, 364–380.
4. Baumgartner, R. N., Koehler, K. M., Gallagher, D., Romero, L., Heymsfield, S. B., Ross, R. R., Garry, P. J., & Lindeman, R. D. (1998). Epidemiology of sarcopenia among the elderly in New Mexico. American Journal of Epidemiology, 147, 755– 763.
5. Bento, P. C. B., & Rodacki, A. L. F. (2015). Muscle function in aged women in response to a water-based exercises program and progressive resistance training. Geriatrics & Gerontology International, 15(11), 1193–1200.
6. Brandon, J., Boyette, L., Gaasch, D., & Lloyd, A. (2000). Effects of lower extremity strength training on functional mobility in older adults. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 8, 214–227.
7. Brandon, J., Gaasch, D., Boyette, L., & Lloyd, A. (2000). Strength training for older adults. ACSM’s Health & Fitness Journal, 4, 12–16.
8. Brandon, J. B., Sharon, L., Boyette, K., Anderson, K., & Stiles, R. (1997). Effects of resistance training on strength gains in older adults. Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging, 1, 114–119.
9. Caserotti, P., Aagaard, P., Buttrup Larsen, J., & Puggaard, L. (2008). Explosive heavy-resistance training in old and very old adults: Changes in rapid muscle force, strength and power. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 18(6), 773–782.
10. Castaneda, C., Layne, J. E., Munoz-Orians, L., Gordon, P. L., Walsmith, J., Foldvari, M., ... & Nelson, M. E. (2002). A randomized controlled trial of resistance exercise training to improve glycemic control in older adults with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 25(12), 2335–2341.
11. Clark, B. C., & Manini, T. M. (2010). Functional consequences of sarcopenia and dynapenia in the elderly. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care, 13, 271–276.
12. Delmonico, M. J., Harris, T. B., Visser, M., et al. (2009). Longitudinal study of muscle strength, quality, and adipose tissue infiltration. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 90, 1579–1585.
13. DiFrancisco-Donoghue, J., Werner, W., & Douris, P. C. (2007). Comparison of once-weekly and twice-weekly strength training in older adults. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 41(1), 19–22.
14. Dunstan, D. W., Daly, R. M., Owen, N., Jolley, D., De Courten, M., Shaw, J., & Zimmet, P. (2002). High-intensity resistance training improves glycemic control in older patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 25(10), 1729–1736.
15. Feigenbaum, M. S., & Pollock, M. L. (1999). Prescription of resistance training for health and disease. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 31, 38–45.
16. Fiatarone, M. A., Marks, E. C., Ryan, M. D., Meredith, C. N., Lipsitz, L. A., & Evans, W. J. (1990). High-intensity strength training in nonagenarians: Effect on skeletal muscle. JAMA, 263, 3029–3034.
17. Fleck, S. J. (1999). Periodized strength training: A critical review. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 13, 82–89.
18. Fleck, S. J. (2002). Periodization of training. In W. J. Kraemer & K. Häkkinen (Eds.), Strength training for sport (pp. 55–68). Ames, IA: Blackwell Science.
19. Fleck, S. J., & Kraemer, W. J. (2003). Designing resistance training programs. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
20. Frontera, W. R., Hughes, V. A., Lutz, K. J., & Evans, W. J. (1991). A cross-sectional study of muscle strength and mass in 45–78-year-old men and women. Journal of Applied Physiology, 71, 644–650.
21. Gonzalez, A. M., Mangine, G. T., Fragala, M. S., Stout, J. R., Beyer, K. S., Bohner, J. D., ... & Hoffman, J. R. (2014). Resistance training improves single leg stance performance in older adults. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, 26(1), 89–92.
22. Hanson, E. D., Srivatsan, S. R., Agrawal, S., Menon, K. S., Delmonico, M. J., Wang, M. Q., & Hurley, B. F. (2009). Effects of strength training on physical function: Influence of power, strength, and body composition. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 23(9), 2627–2637.
23. Harris, C., DeBeliso, M. A., Spitzer-Gibson, T. A., & Adams, K. J. (2004). The effect of resistance-training intensity on strength-gain response in the older adult. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 18(4), 833–838.
24. Hunter, G. R., & Treuth, M. S. (1995). Relative training intensity and increases in strength in older women. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 9, 188–191.
25. Hunter, G. R., Wetzstein, C., McLafferty, C. L., Zuckerman, P. A., Lander, K. A., & Bamman, M. (2001). High-resistance versus variable resistance training in older adults. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 33, 1759–1764.
26. Katula, J. A., Sipe, M., Rejeski, W. J., & Focht, B. C. (2006). Strength training in older adults: An empowering intervention. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 38(1), 106–111.
27. Kennis, E., Verschueren, S. M., Bogaerts, A., Van Roie, E., Boonen, S., & Delecluse, C. (2013). Long-term impact of strength training on muscle strength characteristics in older adults. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 94(11), 2054–2060.
28. Kobayashi, Y., Ueyasu, Y., Yamashita, Y., & Akagi, R. (2016). Effects of 4 weeks of explosive-type strength training for the plantar flexors on the rate of torque development and postural stability in elderly individuals. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 37(6), 470–475.
29. Larsson, L., Grimby, G., & Karlsson, J. (1979). Muscle strength and speed of movement in relation to age and muscle morphology. Journal of Applied Physiology, 46, 451–456.
30. Latham, N., Bennet, D. A., Stretton, C. M., et al. (2004). A systematic review of progressive resistance strength training in older adults. Journal of Gerontology: Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 59(1), 48–61.
31. Lindle, R. S., Metter, E. J., Lynch, N. A., Fleg, J. L., Fozard, J. L., Tobin, J., Roy, T. A., & Hurley, B. F. (1997). Age and gender comparisons of muscle strength in 654 women and men aged 20–93 years. Journal of Applied Physiology, 83, 1581– 1587.
32. Liu, C. J., & Latham, N. K. (2009). Progressive resistance strength training for improving physical function in older adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3, CD002759.
33. Lopes, P. B., Pereira, G., Lodovico, A., Bento, P. C., & Rodacki, A. L. (2016). Strength and power training effects on lower limb force, functional capacity, and static and dynamic balance in older female adults. Rejuvenation Research, 19(5), 385–393.
34. Lopez, P., Silveira, R., Regis, P., Rech, A., Grazioli, R., Izquierdo, M., & Cadore, E. L. (2018). Benefits of resistance training in physically frail elderly: A systematic review. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, 30, 889–899.
35. Marques, E. A., Wanderley, F., Machado, L., Sousa, F., Viana, J. L., Moreira- Gonçalves, D., ... & Carvalho, J. (2011). Effects of resistance and aerobic exercise on physical function, bone mineral density, OPG and RANKL in older women. Experimental Gerontology, 46(7), 524–532.
36. Metter, E. J., Conwit, R., Tobin, J., & Fozard, J. L. (1997). Age-associated loss of power and strength in the upper extremities in women and men. Journal of Gerontology: Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 52, B267–B276.
37. Mitchell, C. J., Churchward-Venne, T. A., West, D. W., Burd, N. A., Breen, L., Baker, S. K., & Phillips, S. M. (2012). Resistance exercise load does not determine training- mediated hypertrophic gains in young men. Journal of Applied Physiology, 113, 71–77.
38. Mitchell, W. K., Williams, J., Atherton, P., et al. (2012). Sarcopenia, dynapenia, and the impact of advancing age on human skeletal muscle size and strength: A quantitative review. Frontiers in Physiology, 3, 260.
39. Narici, M. V., Bordini, M., & Cerretelli, P. (1991). Effect of aging on human adductor pollicis muscle function. Journal of Applied Physiology, 71, 1277–1281.
40. Nicklas, B. J., Chmelo, E., Delbono, O., Carr, J. J., Lyles, M. F., & Marsh, A. P. (2015). Effects of resistance training with and without caloric restriction on physical function and mobility in overweight and obese older adults: A randomized controlled trial. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 101(5), 991–999.
41. Pyka, G., Lindenberger, E., Charette, S., & Marcus, R. (1994). Muscle strength and fiber adaptations to a year-long resistance training program in elderly men and women. Journal of Gerontology, 49, M22–M27.
42. Roubenoff, R., & Hughes, V. (2000). Sarcopenia: Current concepts. Journal of Gerontology, 55, 716–724.
43. Shiotsu, Y., & Yanagita, M. (2018). Comparisons of low-intensity versus moderate-intensity combined aerobic and resistance training on body composition, muscle strength, and functional performance in older women. Menopause, 25(6), 668–675.
44. Sundstrup, E., Jakobsen, M. D., Andersen, L. L., Andersen, T. R., Randers, M. B., Helge, J. W., ... & Aagaard, P. (2016). Positive effects of 1-year football and strength training on mechanical muscle function and functional capacity in elderly men. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 116(6), 1127–1138.
45. Taaffe, D. R., Pruitt, L., Pyka, G., Guido, D., & Marcus, R. (1996). Comparative effects of high- and low-intensity resistance training on thigh muscle strength, fiber area, and tissue composition in elderly women. Clinical Physiology, 16, 381–392.
46. Taaffe, D. R., Camille, D., Wheeler, S., & Marcus, R. (1999). Once-weekly resistance exercise improves muscle strength and neuromuscular performance in older adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 47, 1208–1209.
47. Takarada, Y., Takazawa, H., Sato, Y., Takebayashi, S., Tanaka, Y., & Ishii, N. (2000). Effects of resistance exercise combined with moderate vascular occlusion on muscular function in humans. Journal of Applied Physiology, 88, 2097–2106.
48. Tan, B. (1999). Manipulating resistance training program variables to optimize maximum strength in men: A review. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 13, 289–304.
49. Van Roie, E., Delecluse, C., Coudyzer, W., Boonen, S., & Bautmans, I. (2013). Strength training at high versus low external resistance in older adults: Effects on muscle volume, muscle strength, and force–velocity characteristics. Experimental Gerontology, 48(11), 1351–1361.
50. Vandervoort, A. A., & McComas, A. J. (1986). Contractile changes in opposing muscles of the human ankle joint with aging. Journal of Applied Physiology, 61, 361–367.
51. Vincent, E. R., Braith, R. W., Feldman, R. A., Kallas, H. E., & Lowenthal, D. T. (2002). Resistance exercise and physical performance in adults 60 to 83. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 50, 1100–1107.
52. Westhoff, M., Stemmerik, L., & Boshuizen, H. (2000). Effects of a low-intensity strength training program on knee extensor strength and functional ability of frail older people. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 8, 325–342.
training in sedentary, older African American women. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 33, 1567– 1576.
2. American College of Sports Medicine. (1998). Exercise and physical activity for older adults. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 30, 992–1008.
3. American College of Sports Medicine. (2002). Progression models in resistance training for healthy adults. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 34, 364–380.
4. Baumgartner, R. N., Koehler, K. M., Gallagher, D., Romero, L., Heymsfield, S. B., Ross, R. R., Garry, P. J., & Lindeman, R. D. (1998). Epidemiology of sarcopenia among the elderly in New Mexico. American Journal of Epidemiology, 147, 755– 763.
5. Bento, P. C. B., & Rodacki, A. L. F. (2015). Muscle function in aged women in response to a water-based exercises program and progressive resistance training. Geriatrics & Gerontology International, 15(11), 1193–1200.
6. Brandon, J., Boyette, L., Gaasch, D., & Lloyd, A. (2000). Effects of lower extremity strength training on functional mobility in older adults. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 8, 214–227.
7. Brandon, J., Gaasch, D., Boyette, L., & Lloyd, A. (2000). Strength training for older adults. ACSM’s Health & Fitness Journal, 4, 12–16.
8. Brandon, J. B., Sharon, L., Boyette, K., Anderson, K., & Stiles, R. (1997). Effects of resistance training on strength gains in older adults. Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging, 1, 114–119.
9. Caserotti, P., Aagaard, P., Buttrup Larsen, J., & Puggaard, L. (2008). Explosive heavy-resistance training in old and very old adults: Changes in rapid muscle force, strength and power. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 18(6), 773–782.
10. Castaneda, C., Layne, J. E., Munoz-Orians, L., Gordon, P. L., Walsmith, J., Foldvari, M., ... & Nelson, M. E. (2002). A randomized controlled trial of resistance exercise training to improve glycemic control in older adults with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 25(12), 2335–2341.
11. Clark, B. C., & Manini, T. M. (2010). Functional consequences of sarcopenia and dynapenia in the elderly. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care, 13, 271–276.
12. Delmonico, M. J., Harris, T. B., Visser, M., et al. (2009). Longitudinal study of muscle strength, quality, and adipose tissue infiltration. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 90, 1579–1585.
13. DiFrancisco-Donoghue, J., Werner, W., & Douris, P. C. (2007). Comparison of once-weekly and twice-weekly strength training in older adults. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 41(1), 19–22.
14. Dunstan, D. W., Daly, R. M., Owen, N., Jolley, D., De Courten, M., Shaw, J., & Zimmet, P. (2002). High-intensity resistance training improves glycemic control in older patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 25(10), 1729–1736.
15. Feigenbaum, M. S., & Pollock, M. L. (1999). Prescription of resistance training for health and disease. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 31, 38–45.
16. Fiatarone, M. A., Marks, E. C., Ryan, M. D., Meredith, C. N., Lipsitz, L. A., & Evans, W. J. (1990). High-intensity strength training in nonagenarians: Effect on skeletal muscle. JAMA, 263, 3029–3034.
17. Fleck, S. J. (1999). Periodized strength training: A critical review. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 13, 82–89.
18. Fleck, S. J. (2002). Periodization of training. In W. J. Kraemer & K. Häkkinen (Eds.), Strength training for sport (pp. 55–68). Ames, IA: Blackwell Science.
19. Fleck, S. J., & Kraemer, W. J. (2003). Designing resistance training programs. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
20. Frontera, W. R., Hughes, V. A., Lutz, K. J., & Evans, W. J. (1991). A cross-sectional study of muscle strength and mass in 45–78-year-old men and women. Journal of Applied Physiology, 71, 644–650.
21. Gonzalez, A. M., Mangine, G. T., Fragala, M. S., Stout, J. R., Beyer, K. S., Bohner, J. D., ... & Hoffman, J. R. (2014). Resistance training improves single leg stance performance in older adults. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, 26(1), 89–92.
22. Hanson, E. D., Srivatsan, S. R., Agrawal, S., Menon, K. S., Delmonico, M. J., Wang, M. Q., & Hurley, B. F. (2009). Effects of strength training on physical function: Influence of power, strength, and body composition. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 23(9), 2627–2637.
23. Harris, C., DeBeliso, M. A., Spitzer-Gibson, T. A., & Adams, K. J. (2004). The effect of resistance-training intensity on strength-gain response in the older adult. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 18(4), 833–838.
24. Hunter, G. R., & Treuth, M. S. (1995). Relative training intensity and increases in strength in older women. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 9, 188–191.
25. Hunter, G. R., Wetzstein, C., McLafferty, C. L., Zuckerman, P. A., Lander, K. A., & Bamman, M. (2001). High-resistance versus variable resistance training in older adults. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 33, 1759–1764.
26. Katula, J. A., Sipe, M., Rejeski, W. J., & Focht, B. C. (2006). Strength training in older adults: An empowering intervention. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 38(1), 106–111.
27. Kennis, E., Verschueren, S. M., Bogaerts, A., Van Roie, E., Boonen, S., & Delecluse, C. (2013). Long-term impact of strength training on muscle strength characteristics in older adults. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 94(11), 2054–2060.
28. Kobayashi, Y., Ueyasu, Y., Yamashita, Y., & Akagi, R. (2016). Effects of 4 weeks of explosive-type strength training for the plantar flexors on the rate of torque development and postural stability in elderly individuals. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 37(6), 470–475.
29. Larsson, L., Grimby, G., & Karlsson, J. (1979). Muscle strength and speed of movement in relation to age and muscle morphology. Journal of Applied Physiology, 46, 451–456.
30. Latham, N., Bennet, D. A., Stretton, C. M., et al. (2004). A systematic review of progressive resistance strength training in older adults. Journal of Gerontology: Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 59(1), 48–61.
31. Lindle, R. S., Metter, E. J., Lynch, N. A., Fleg, J. L., Fozard, J. L., Tobin, J., Roy, T. A., & Hurley, B. F. (1997). Age and gender comparisons of muscle strength in 654 women and men aged 20–93 years. Journal of Applied Physiology, 83, 1581– 1587.
32. Liu, C. J., & Latham, N. K. (2009). Progressive resistance strength training for improving physical function in older adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3, CD002759.
33. Lopes, P. B., Pereira, G., Lodovico, A., Bento, P. C., & Rodacki, A. L. (2016). Strength and power training effects on lower limb force, functional capacity, and static and dynamic balance in older female adults. Rejuvenation Research, 19(5), 385–393.
34. Lopez, P., Silveira, R., Regis, P., Rech, A., Grazioli, R., Izquierdo, M., & Cadore, E. L. (2018). Benefits of resistance training in physically frail elderly: A systematic review. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, 30, 889–899.
35. Marques, E. A., Wanderley, F., Machado, L., Sousa, F., Viana, J. L., Moreira- Gonçalves, D., ... & Carvalho, J. (2011). Effects of resistance and aerobic exercise on physical function, bone mineral density, OPG and RANKL in older women. Experimental Gerontology, 46(7), 524–532.
36. Metter, E. J., Conwit, R., Tobin, J., & Fozard, J. L. (1997). Age-associated loss of power and strength in the upper extremities in women and men. Journal of Gerontology: Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 52, B267–B276.
37. Mitchell, C. J., Churchward-Venne, T. A., West, D. W., Burd, N. A., Breen, L., Baker, S. K., & Phillips, S. M. (2012). Resistance exercise load does not determine training- mediated hypertrophic gains in young men. Journal of Applied Physiology, 113, 71–77.
38. Mitchell, W. K., Williams, J., Atherton, P., et al. (2012). Sarcopenia, dynapenia, and the impact of advancing age on human skeletal muscle size and strength: A quantitative review. Frontiers in Physiology, 3, 260.
39. Narici, M. V., Bordini, M., & Cerretelli, P. (1991). Effect of aging on human adductor pollicis muscle function. Journal of Applied Physiology, 71, 1277–1281.
40. Nicklas, B. J., Chmelo, E., Delbono, O., Carr, J. J., Lyles, M. F., & Marsh, A. P. (2015). Effects of resistance training with and without caloric restriction on physical function and mobility in overweight and obese older adults: A randomized controlled trial. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 101(5), 991–999.
41. Pyka, G., Lindenberger, E., Charette, S., & Marcus, R. (1994). Muscle strength and fiber adaptations to a year-long resistance training program in elderly men and women. Journal of Gerontology, 49, M22–M27.
42. Roubenoff, R., & Hughes, V. (2000). Sarcopenia: Current concepts. Journal of Gerontology, 55, 716–724.
43. Shiotsu, Y., & Yanagita, M. (2018). Comparisons of low-intensity versus moderate-intensity combined aerobic and resistance training on body composition, muscle strength, and functional performance in older women. Menopause, 25(6), 668–675.
44. Sundstrup, E., Jakobsen, M. D., Andersen, L. L., Andersen, T. R., Randers, M. B., Helge, J. W., ... & Aagaard, P. (2016). Positive effects of 1-year football and strength training on mechanical muscle function and functional capacity in elderly men. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 116(6), 1127–1138.
45. Taaffe, D. R., Pruitt, L., Pyka, G., Guido, D., & Marcus, R. (1996). Comparative effects of high- and low-intensity resistance training on thigh muscle strength, fiber area, and tissue composition in elderly women. Clinical Physiology, 16, 381–392.
46. Taaffe, D. R., Camille, D., Wheeler, S., & Marcus, R. (1999). Once-weekly resistance exercise improves muscle strength and neuromuscular performance in older adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 47, 1208–1209.
47. Takarada, Y., Takazawa, H., Sato, Y., Takebayashi, S., Tanaka, Y., & Ishii, N. (2000). Effects of resistance exercise combined with moderate vascular occlusion on muscular function in humans. Journal of Applied Physiology, 88, 2097–2106.
48. Tan, B. (1999). Manipulating resistance training program variables to optimize maximum strength in men: A review. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 13, 289–304.
49. Van Roie, E., Delecluse, C., Coudyzer, W., Boonen, S., & Bautmans, I. (2013). Strength training at high versus low external resistance in older adults: Effects on muscle volume, muscle strength, and force–velocity characteristics. Experimental Gerontology, 48(11), 1351–1361.
50. Vandervoort, A. A., & McComas, A. J. (1986). Contractile changes in opposing muscles of the human ankle joint with aging. Journal of Applied Physiology, 61, 361–367.
51. Vincent, E. R., Braith, R. W., Feldman, R. A., Kallas, H. E., & Lowenthal, D. T. (2002). Resistance exercise and physical performance in adults 60 to 83. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 50, 1100–1107.
52. Westhoff, M., Stemmerik, L., & Boshuizen, H. (2000). Effects of a low-intensity strength training program on knee extensor strength and functional ability of frail older people. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 8, 325–342.
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Djokic, N., & Okičić, M. (2025). EFFECTS OF RESISTANCE TRAINING ON MUSCLE STRENGTH IN OLDER ADULTS: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. Physical Education and Sport Through The Centuries, 12(2), 153–165. https://doi.org/10.5937/spes2502153D
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