EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT SMALL-SIDED FOOTBALL TRAINING FREQUENCIES ON HEALTH-RELATED FITNESS IN INCARCERATED ADULTS IN SERBIA
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Sep 1, 2026
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Kristina Mladenović
Danijela Živković
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8365-0583
Anđela Đošić
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9771-563X
Tijana Purenović-Ivanović
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3537-3168
Nenad Đokić Saša Pantelić
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4356-1874
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8365-0583
Anđela Đošić
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9771-563X
Tijana Purenović-Ivanović
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3537-3168
Nenad Đokić Saša Pantelić
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4356-1874
Abstract
This study examined the effects of a 12-week small-sided football program performed at two different weekly frequencies on health-related fitness in 60 Serbian male incarcerated individuals aged 18–50 years. Participants were randomly allocated to three groups: EG1 (n=20), completing three training sessions per week; EG2 (n=20), completing two sessions per week; and a control group (CG, n=20). Pre- and post-intervention assessments included body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max), muscular endurance, and flexibility. Body mass decreased in EG1 (−3.7 kg, p<0.001) and EG2 (−1.87 kg, p=0.020), while body fat percentage decreased in both groups (EG1: −3.0%, p=0.032; EG2: −1.3%, p<0.001). Muscle mass increased significantly in EG2 (+3.5 kg, p<0.01). VO2max increased from 45.59±7.12 to 46.69±6.98 ml/kg/min in EG1 (p=0.002) and from 40.75±6.85 to 43.50±6.40 ml/kg/min in EG2 (p<0.001). Muscular endurance improved moderately, whereas flexibility gains were minimal. ANCOVA confirmed significant adjusted between-group effects for several outcomes. Both training frequencies produced positive effects on health-related fitness, with improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition, accompanied by improvements in muscular fitness and limited impact on flexibility. These findings suggest that structured small-sided football programs may represent a practical strategy for promoting health-related fitness in correctional settings. However, the present findings do not establish that three weekly sessions are superior to two.
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Keywords
small-sided football, inmates, body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular endurance
References
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13. Enggist, S., Møller, L., Galea, G., & Udesen, C., editors (2014). Prisons and health. Copenhagen: World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe.
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15. Federici, A., Valentini, M., Ceccarini, A., & Lucertini, F. (2015). Carcere, attività fisica e rieducazione: ruolo e potenzialità pedagogiche dell’educazione al “fair play” nello sport carcerario [Prison, physical activity and rehabilitation: role and pedagogic potential of ‘fair play’ promotion for sport activities in prison settings. In Italian]. Formazione & Insegnamento, 13(1), 369–382. https://doi.org/107346/-fei-XIII-01-15_28
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17. Gates, M. L., & Bradford, R. K. (2015). The impact of incarceration on obesity: are prisoners with chronic diseases becoming overweight and obese during their confinement? Journal of Obesity, 2015(1), 532468. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/532468
18. Gómez-Álvarez, N., Boppre, G., Hermosilla-Palma, F., Reyes-Amigo, T., Oliveira, J., & Fonseca, H. (2024). Effects of small-sided soccer games on physical fitness and cardiometabolic health biomarkers in untrained children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 13(17), 5221. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13175221
19. Helgerud, J., Engen, L. C., Wisløff, U., & Hoff, J. A. N. (2001). Aerobic endurance training improves soccer performance. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 33(11), 1925–1931.
20. Herbert, K., Plugge, E., Foster, C., & Doll, H. (2012). Prevalence of risk factors for non-communicable diseases in prison populations worldwide: a systematic review. The Lancet, 379(9830), 1975–1982. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60319-5
21. Ingram, L. A., Tomkinson, G. R., d’Unienville, N. M., Gower, B., Gleadhill, S., Boyle, T., & Bennett, H. (2025). Mechanisms underlying range of motion improvements following acute and chronic static stretching: A systematic review, meta-analysis and multivariate meta-regression. Sports Medicine, 55(6), 1449–1466. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-025-02204-7
22. Konrad, A., Alizadeh, S., Daneshjoo, A., Anvar, S. H., Graham, A., Zahiri, A., Goudini, R., Edwards, C., Scharf, C., & Behm, D. G. (2024). Chronic effects of stretching on range of motion with consideration of potential moderating variables: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 13(2), 186–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2023.06.002
23. Kraemer, W.J., & Ratamess, N. A. (2004). Fundamentals of resistance training: progression and exercise prescription. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 36(4), 674–678. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS.0000121945.36635.61
24. Kraft, C., Gröben, B., & Wicker, P. (2025). Physical activity and sedentary behavior profiles among prisoners in an open prison: differences in psychological well-being? BMC Public Health, 25(1), 2999. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-24345-0
25. Krustrup, P., & Bangsbo, J. (2015). Recreational football is effective in the treatment of non-communicable diseases. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 49(22), 1426–1427. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-094955
26. Lancia, M., Tomassini, L., Scendoni, R., Fanella, E., Gili, A., Gambelunghe, A., Bacci, M., Aroni, K., Goracci, V., & Gambelunghe, C. (2025). Health profiles of inmates: A cross-sectional study of prevalent diseases in a central Italian prison. Healthcare, 13(17), 2090. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13172090
27. Luque-Siles, C., Gallego-Izquierdo, T., Jímenez-Rejano, J. J., de-la-Orden, S. G., Plaza-Manzano, G., López-Illescas-Ruiz, A., Ferragut-Garcías, A., Romero-Franco, N., Martín-Casas, P., & Pecos-Martín, D. (2016). Reliability and minimal detectable change of three functional tests: forward-lunge, step-up-over and sit-to-stand. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 28(12), 3384–3389. https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.28.3384
28. Mann, T. N., Lamberts, R. P., & Lambert, M. I. (2014). High responders and low responders: factors associated with individual variation in response to standardized training. Sports Medicine, 44(8), 1113–1124. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0197-3
29. Markovic, G., & Mikulic, P. (2010). Neuro-musculoskeletal and performance adaptations to lower-extremity plyometric training. Sports Medicine, 40(10), 859–895. https://doi.org/10.2165/11318370-000000000-00000
30. Markovic, G., Dizdar, D., Jukic, I., & Cardinale, M. (2004). Reliability and factorial validity of squat and countermovement jump tests. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 18(3), 551–555.
31. Petrigna, L., Pajaujiene, S., Delextrat, A., Gómez-López, M., Paoli, A., Palma, A., & Bianco, A. (2022). The importance of standard operating procedures in physical fitness assessment: A brief review. Sport Sciences for Health, 18(1), 21–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11332-021-00849-1
32. Posadzki, P., Pieper, D., Bajpai, R., Makaruk, H., Könsgen, N., Neuhaus, A. L., & Semwal, M. (2020). Exercise/physical activity and health outcomes: an overview of Cochrane systematic reviews. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 1724. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09855-3
33. Smith, P. G., Morrow, R. H., & Ross, D. A. (Eds.). (2015). Field trials of health interventions: A toolbox (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
34. Stephenson, T., Leaman, J., O’Moore, É., Tran, A., & Plugge, E. (2021). Time out of cell and time in purposeful activity and adverse mental health outcomes amongst people in prison: a literature review. International Journal of Prisoner Health, 17(1), 54–68. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPH-06-2020-0037
35. Suutari-Jääskö, A., Parkkila, K., Vähänikkilä, H., Tulppo, M., Perkiömäki, J., Huikuri, H., & Ukkola, O. (2026). Changes in leisure time physical activity, obesity-related morbidities, fatal and non-fatal CVD events and total mortality: Over 20-year follow-up in the opera study. Plos One, 21(2), e0342429. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0342429
36. Tomkinson, G. R., Lang, J. J., Blanchard, J., Léger, L. A., & Tremblay, M. S. (2019). The 20-m shuttle run: assessment and interpretation of data in relation to youth aerobic fitness and health. Pediatric Exercise Science, 31(2), 152–163. https://doi.org/10.1123/pes.2018-0179
37. United Nations (2015). The United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (the Nelson Mandela Rules). Retrieved from https://www.unodc.org/documents/justice-and-prison-reform/Nelson_Mandela_Rules-E-ebook.pdf
38. Waters, L., Reeves, M., Fjeldsoe, B., & Eakin, E. (2012). Control group improvements in physical activity intervention trials and possible explanatory factors: A systematic review. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 9(6), 884–895. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.9.6.884
39. Xu, Q., Qi, K., Liu, G., Li, T., & Clemente, F. M. (2024). Effects of a 16-week recreational small-sided games soccer intervention on body composition and physical fitness in sedentary young adults: A randomized controlled study. Heliyon, 10(3), e25242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25242
40. Zouhal, H., Hammami, A., Tijani, J. M., Jayavel, A., de Sousa, M., Krustrup, P., Sghaeir, Z., Granacher, U., & Ben Abderrahman, A. (2020). Effects of small-sided soccer games on physical fitness, physiological responses, and health indices in untrained individuals and clinical populations: a systematic review. Sports Medicine, 50(5), 987–1007. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-019-01256-w
2. American College of Sports Medicine (2007). Guidelines for exercise testing and prescription (2nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
3. Ashok, C. (2008). Test your physical fitness. Delhi: Kalpaz Publications.
4. Aslam, S., Habyarimana, J. D. D., & Bin, S. Y. (2025). Neuromuscular adaptations to resistance training in elite versus recreational athletes. Frontiers in Physiology, 16, 1598149. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2025.1598149
5. Bahls, M., Kavousi, M., Bakker, E. A., Kränkel, N., Baurecht, H., Timmermans, E. J., van Craenenbroeck, E., & Hanssen, H. (2025). Physical activity and mortality: towards healthspan-oriented metrics and outcomes. A Scientific Statement from the European Association of Preventive Cardiology (EAPC) of the ESC. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, zwaf578. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurjpc/zwaf578
6. Bennike, S., Andersen, T. R., & Krustrup, P., editors (2024). Football as prevention and treatment – A white paper focusing on 10 non-communicable diseases and risk factors. Copenhagen: Danish Football Association & University of Southern Denmark.
7. Bosco, C., Luhtanen, P., & Komi, P. V. (1983). A simple method for measurement of mechanical power in jumping. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 50(2), 273–282. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00422166
8. Bryant, J., Cooper, D. J., Peters, D. M., & Cook, M. D. (2023). The effects of static stretching intensity on range of motion and strength: a systematic review. Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology, 8(2), 37. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk8020037
9. Castro-Piñero, J., González-Montesinos, J. L., Mora, J., Keating, X. D., Girela-Rejón, M. J., Sjöström, M., & Ruiz, J. R. (2009). Percentile values for muscular strength field tests in children aged 6 to 17 years: influence of weight status. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 23(8), 2295–2310. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181b8d5c1
10. Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. New York, NY: Routledge Academic.
11. Colinso, B. B., Hariasz, W., Konieczko, D., Trzaskoma, A. W., & Kosendiak, A. A. (2025). The relationship between physical activity, mental health, and coping strategies among male prisoners: A preliminary exploratory single-center, cross-sectional study. Psychiatry International, 6(4), 153. https://doi.org/10.3390/psychiatryint6040153
12. Ekelund, U., Tarp, J., Ding, D., Sanchez-Lastra, M. A., Dalene, K. E., Anderssen, S. A., ... & Fagerland, M. W. (2026). Deaths potentially averted by small changes in physical activity and sedentary time: an individual participant data meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. The Lancet, 407(10526), 339–349. https://doi.org/10.1016/
13. Enggist, S., Møller, L., Galea, G., & Udesen, C., editors (2014). Prisons and health. Copenhagen: World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe.
14. Faude, O., Schnittker, R., Schulte-Zurhausen, R., Müller, F., & Meyer, T. (2013). High intensity interval training vs. high-volume running training during pre-season conditioning in high-level youth football: a cross-over trial. Journal of Sports Sciences, 31(13), 1441–1450. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2013.792953
15. Federici, A., Valentini, M., Ceccarini, A., & Lucertini, F. (2015). Carcere, attività fisica e rieducazione: ruolo e potenzialità pedagogiche dell’educazione al “fair play” nello sport carcerario [Prison, physical activity and rehabilitation: role and pedagogic potential of ‘fair play’ promotion for sport activities in prison settings. In Italian]. Formazione & Insegnamento, 13(1), 369–382. https://doi.org/107346/-fei-XIII-01-15_28
16. Garber, C. E., Blissmer, B., Deschenes, M. R., Franklin, B. A., Lamonte, M. J., Lee, I. M., Nieman, D. C., & Swain, D. P. (2011). Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: guidance for prescribing exercise. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 43(7), 1334–1359. https://doi.org/10.7916/D8CR5T2R
17. Gates, M. L., & Bradford, R. K. (2015). The impact of incarceration on obesity: are prisoners with chronic diseases becoming overweight and obese during their confinement? Journal of Obesity, 2015(1), 532468. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/532468
18. Gómez-Álvarez, N., Boppre, G., Hermosilla-Palma, F., Reyes-Amigo, T., Oliveira, J., & Fonseca, H. (2024). Effects of small-sided soccer games on physical fitness and cardiometabolic health biomarkers in untrained children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 13(17), 5221. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13175221
19. Helgerud, J., Engen, L. C., Wisløff, U., & Hoff, J. A. N. (2001). Aerobic endurance training improves soccer performance. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 33(11), 1925–1931.
20. Herbert, K., Plugge, E., Foster, C., & Doll, H. (2012). Prevalence of risk factors for non-communicable diseases in prison populations worldwide: a systematic review. The Lancet, 379(9830), 1975–1982. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60319-5
21. Ingram, L. A., Tomkinson, G. R., d’Unienville, N. M., Gower, B., Gleadhill, S., Boyle, T., & Bennett, H. (2025). Mechanisms underlying range of motion improvements following acute and chronic static stretching: A systematic review, meta-analysis and multivariate meta-regression. Sports Medicine, 55(6), 1449–1466. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-025-02204-7
22. Konrad, A., Alizadeh, S., Daneshjoo, A., Anvar, S. H., Graham, A., Zahiri, A., Goudini, R., Edwards, C., Scharf, C., & Behm, D. G. (2024). Chronic effects of stretching on range of motion with consideration of potential moderating variables: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 13(2), 186–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2023.06.002
23. Kraemer, W.J., & Ratamess, N. A. (2004). Fundamentals of resistance training: progression and exercise prescription. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 36(4), 674–678. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS.0000121945.36635.61
24. Kraft, C., Gröben, B., & Wicker, P. (2025). Physical activity and sedentary behavior profiles among prisoners in an open prison: differences in psychological well-being? BMC Public Health, 25(1), 2999. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-24345-0
25. Krustrup, P., & Bangsbo, J. (2015). Recreational football is effective in the treatment of non-communicable diseases. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 49(22), 1426–1427. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-094955
26. Lancia, M., Tomassini, L., Scendoni, R., Fanella, E., Gili, A., Gambelunghe, A., Bacci, M., Aroni, K., Goracci, V., & Gambelunghe, C. (2025). Health profiles of inmates: A cross-sectional study of prevalent diseases in a central Italian prison. Healthcare, 13(17), 2090. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13172090
27. Luque-Siles, C., Gallego-Izquierdo, T., Jímenez-Rejano, J. J., de-la-Orden, S. G., Plaza-Manzano, G., López-Illescas-Ruiz, A., Ferragut-Garcías, A., Romero-Franco, N., Martín-Casas, P., & Pecos-Martín, D. (2016). Reliability and minimal detectable change of three functional tests: forward-lunge, step-up-over and sit-to-stand. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 28(12), 3384–3389. https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.28.3384
28. Mann, T. N., Lamberts, R. P., & Lambert, M. I. (2014). High responders and low responders: factors associated with individual variation in response to standardized training. Sports Medicine, 44(8), 1113–1124. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0197-3
29. Markovic, G., & Mikulic, P. (2010). Neuro-musculoskeletal and performance adaptations to lower-extremity plyometric training. Sports Medicine, 40(10), 859–895. https://doi.org/10.2165/11318370-000000000-00000
30. Markovic, G., Dizdar, D., Jukic, I., & Cardinale, M. (2004). Reliability and factorial validity of squat and countermovement jump tests. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 18(3), 551–555.
31. Petrigna, L., Pajaujiene, S., Delextrat, A., Gómez-López, M., Paoli, A., Palma, A., & Bianco, A. (2022). The importance of standard operating procedures in physical fitness assessment: A brief review. Sport Sciences for Health, 18(1), 21–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11332-021-00849-1
32. Posadzki, P., Pieper, D., Bajpai, R., Makaruk, H., Könsgen, N., Neuhaus, A. L., & Semwal, M. (2020). Exercise/physical activity and health outcomes: an overview of Cochrane systematic reviews. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 1724. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09855-3
33. Smith, P. G., Morrow, R. H., & Ross, D. A. (Eds.). (2015). Field trials of health interventions: A toolbox (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
34. Stephenson, T., Leaman, J., O’Moore, É., Tran, A., & Plugge, E. (2021). Time out of cell and time in purposeful activity and adverse mental health outcomes amongst people in prison: a literature review. International Journal of Prisoner Health, 17(1), 54–68. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPH-06-2020-0037
35. Suutari-Jääskö, A., Parkkila, K., Vähänikkilä, H., Tulppo, M., Perkiömäki, J., Huikuri, H., & Ukkola, O. (2026). Changes in leisure time physical activity, obesity-related morbidities, fatal and non-fatal CVD events and total mortality: Over 20-year follow-up in the opera study. Plos One, 21(2), e0342429. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0342429
36. Tomkinson, G. R., Lang, J. J., Blanchard, J., Léger, L. A., & Tremblay, M. S. (2019). The 20-m shuttle run: assessment and interpretation of data in relation to youth aerobic fitness and health. Pediatric Exercise Science, 31(2), 152–163. https://doi.org/10.1123/pes.2018-0179
37. United Nations (2015). The United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (the Nelson Mandela Rules). Retrieved from https://www.unodc.org/documents/justice-and-prison-reform/Nelson_Mandela_Rules-E-ebook.pdf
38. Waters, L., Reeves, M., Fjeldsoe, B., & Eakin, E. (2012). Control group improvements in physical activity intervention trials and possible explanatory factors: A systematic review. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 9(6), 884–895. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.9.6.884
39. Xu, Q., Qi, K., Liu, G., Li, T., & Clemente, F. M. (2024). Effects of a 16-week recreational small-sided games soccer intervention on body composition and physical fitness in sedentary young adults: A randomized controlled study. Heliyon, 10(3), e25242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25242
40. Zouhal, H., Hammami, A., Tijani, J. M., Jayavel, A., de Sousa, M., Krustrup, P., Sghaeir, Z., Granacher, U., & Ben Abderrahman, A. (2020). Effects of small-sided soccer games on physical fitness, physiological responses, and health indices in untrained individuals and clinical populations: a systematic review. Sports Medicine, 50(5), 987–1007. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-019-01256-w
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Mladenović, K., Živković, D., Đošić, A., Purenović-Ivanović, T., Đokić, N., & Pantelić, S. (2026). EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT SMALL-SIDED FOOTBALL TRAINING FREQUENCIES ON HEALTH-RELATED FITNESS IN INCARCERATED ADULTS IN SERBIA. Physical Education and Sport Through The Centuries, 13(2), 103–116. Retrieved from https://phedss.fsfv-pr.rs/index.php/phedss/article/view/84
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