IN HABSBURG TRIESTE AND ITS SURROUNDINGS DURING THE FIRST WORLD WAR (1914–1918)
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Abstract
From the late 19th century until World War I, the Sokol gymnastic and recreational associations played a crucial role in the social, political, and national awakening of Slavic peoples, particularly within the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Meanwhile Trieste, a city with an Italian-speaking majority but a significant Slavic-speaking minority (predominantly Slovene-speaking), was one of the Empire's largest cities and its principal port and shipbuilding hub.
Moreover, in the surrounding territory administered by the city (Reichsunmittelbare Stadt Triest und ihr Gebiet), this minority constituted an absolute Slovene majority.
These circumstances give rise to the following text regarding the Sokol groups in Trieste and the surrounding area during the Habsburg era. It focuses on the activities and choices of specific groups and their leaders as well as the general conduct of their members within the constraints imposed by the context of World War I.
The text draws upon the limited information available in specialized historiography, tracing two, at times radically different, paths, even though both maintained a stance of loyalty toward Habsburg authority. The first was the "leadership" path, which fostered the evolution of Slovenization and Yugoslavism within the framework of Slavic solidarity inherent to the international Sokol movement. The second was the "combatant" path, necessarily aligned with the Habsburg Empire and opposed to other Slavs, primarily Russians and Serbs, which at times resulted in death, suffering, and the awarding of medals for military valor.
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Sokol associations, Trieste, First World War, Habsburg Empire, Yugoslavism
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